| 11) Hung HC. (2004) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 71,910 women (aged 30-55) and
37,725 men (aged 40-75).
(USA) | 14
(1984-1998)
(women), and
12
(1986-1998)
(men) | 6584? women, and
2500? men.
3577 never smokers, 3945 past smokers, and 1694 current smokers.
3128 non-vitamin supplement users, and 3948 multivitamin supplement users. | All cancer risk (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer, in situ breast cancer, and organ-confined prostate cancer) | Vitamin C-containing fruits and vegetables (cantaloupes, oranges, orange juice, grapefruit, grapefruit juice, strawberries, other fruit juice, broccoli, green or chili peppers, chili peppers, kohlrabi, dried currants, guavas, honeydew melon, kiwi fruit, mangoes, and V-8 juice) |
Stratified by sex:
| Men + women | Men | Women |
| RR = 1.02 (0.99-1.04; No P-value). | RR = 1.03 (No 95% CI; No P-value). | RR = 1.01 (No 95% CI; No P-value). |
Stratified by smoking status (men and women combined):
| Never | Past | Current |
| RR = 1.02 (0.98-1.06; No P-value). | RR = 1.01 (0.97-1.05; No P-value). | RR = 1.03 (0.98-1.10; No P-value). |
Stratified by multivitamin use (men and women combined):
| Non-vitamin use | Multivitamin use |
| RR = 0.99 (0.94-1.03; No P-value). | RR = 1.04 (1.00-1.08; No P-value). |
All RRs are for an increment of 1 serving/day.Total calorie intake, age, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, physical activity, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of colon cancer, personal history of hypertension, personal history of hypercholesterolemia, personal history of diabetes, and (for women only) family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, and use of hormone replacement therapy. |
|
