| 20) Takachi R. (2007) | The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC). | 77,891 subjects (35,909 men 41,982 and women) aged 45-74.
(Japan) | 5.8
(1995-1998 to 2002) | 3,230 (636 gastric, 598 colorectal, 397 lung, 233 breast, 193 liver, 1,173 other) | Risk of cancer | Green leafy vegetables (spinach, Chinese chives, garland chrysanthemums, chingensai, mugwort, and green pepper) | HR = 1.03 (0.93-1.16; P = 0.68) RRs are for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (not defined).
Amount specific data (quartiles):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 1.06 (0.95-1.17).
Q3: HR = 1.11 (0.995-1.23).
Q4: HR = 1.03 (0.93-1.16). | age, public health center area, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy, screening examination, medication, and daily vitamin supplement use. |
| 11) Hung HC. (2004) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 71,910 women (aged 30-55) and
37,725 men (aged 40-75).
(USA) | 14
(1984-1998)
(women), and
12
(1986-1998)
(men) | 6584? women, and
2500? men.
3577 never smokers, 3945 past smokers, and 1694 current smokers.
3128 non-vitamin supplement users, and 3948 multivitamin supplement users. | All cancer risk (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer, in situ breast cancer, and organ-confined prostate cancer) | Green leafy vegetables (spinach, iceberg or head lettuce, romaine or leaf lettuce, kale, mustard, or chard greens, chicory, endive, escarole, and parsley) |
Stratified by sex:
| Men + women | Men | Women |
| RR = 0.98 (0.93-1.04; No P-value). | RR = 1.02 (No 95% CI; No P-value). | RR = 0.97 (No 95% CI; No P-value). |
Stratified by smoking status (men and women combined):
| Never | Past | Current |
| RR = 1.01 (0.93-1.08; No P-value). | RR = 0.97 (0.89-1.05; No P-value). | RR = 0.98 (0.88-1.10; No P-value). |
Stratified by multivitamin use (men and women combined):
| Non-vitamin use | Multivitamin use |
| RR = 0.95 (0.88-1.03; No P-value). | RR = 0.99 (0.92-1.06; No P-value). |
All RRs are for an increment of 1 serving/day.Total calorie intake, age, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, physical activity, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of colon cancer, personal history of hypertension, personal history of hypercholesterolemia, personal history of diabetes, and (for women only) family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, and use of hormone replacement therapy. |
| 8) Whiteman D. (1999) | The OXCHECK Study. | 10,522 men and women aged 35-64 without a previous history of angina.
(UK) | 9
(1989-1997) | 223 | Cancer mortality | Fresh or frozen green vegetables or salad (not defined) | RR = 0.77 (0.58-1.03; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs &le 3 days/wk. | Gender, smoking and age. |
| 2) Shibata A. (1992) | The Leisure World Study. | 11,580 residents of a retirement community.
(USA) | 1981-1989 | 1,335 (645 men, 690 women) | All cancer risk | Dark green vegetables (spinach, chard, beet greens, turnip greens, mustard greens, collards, kale, dandelion greens, broccoli, Brussels sprouts.) |
| Men | Women |
RR = 1.15 (0.95-1.39; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
< 0.11: RR = 1.
0.11-< 0.30: RR = 1.22 (1.01-1.45; P = < 0.05).
≥ 0.30: RR = 1.15 (0.95-1.39). |
RR = 0.84 (0.70-1.01; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
< 0.13: RR = 1.
0.13-< 0.53: RR = 1.07 (0.90-1.28).
≥ 0.53: RR = 0.84 (0.70-1.01). |
Age and smoking.
Adjustment for BMI or physical activity did not materially alter the results (data not shown). |
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