| 22) George SM (2008) | The National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. | 195,229 women and 288,109 men aged 50-71.
(USA) | 1995-2003 | 15,792 women, and 35,071 men | All cancer incidence | Fruit |
| Women: | Men: |
RR = 0.99 (0.94-1.05; P = 0.059) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (range of intake [cup equivalents/1000 kcal]):
0-0.60: RR = 1.
0.60-0.97: RR = 1.01 (0.96-1.06).
0.97-1.35: RR = 0.98 (0.93-1.03).
1.35-1.90: RR = 0.99 (0.94-1.05).
1.90-5.58: RR = 0.99 (0.94-1.05).
|
RR = 0.98 (0.95-1.02; P = 0.17) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (range of intake [cup equivalents/1000 kcal]):
0-0.44: RR = 1.
0.44-0.75: RR = 1.01 (0.98-1.04).
0.75-1.09: RR = 0.98 (0.95-1.01).
1.09-1.59: RR = 0.98 (0.95-1.02).
1.59-5.13: RR = 0.98 (0.95-1.02).
|
1 cup = 237 mL. One cup is 1 cup of raw/cooked fruit, 1 cup of 100% juice, or 0.5 cup of dried fruit.Age, smoking (smoking status, time since quitting, and smoking dose), energy intake, BMI, alcohol, physical activity, education , race, marital status, family history, menopausal hormone therapy (women), and vegetable intake. |
| 20) Takachi R. (2007) | The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC). | 77,891 subjects (35,909 men 41,982 and women) aged 45-74.
(Japan) | 5.8
(1995-1998 to 2002) | 3,230 (636 gastric, 598 colorectal, 397 lung, 233 breast, 193 liver, 1,173 other) | Risk of cancer | Fruits (defined as: mandarins, oranges, and 100% orange juice, papaya, apples, persimmons, strawberries, grapes, melons, watermelons, peaches, pears, kiwi fruit, pineapple, bananas, and 100% apple juice) |
Cancer risk stratified by gender
| Men & Women | Men | Women |
HR = 1.02 (0.90-1.14; P = 0.95) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (Not defined).
Amount specific data (quartiles):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 1.05 (0.95-1.17).
Q3: HR = 1.05 (0.94-1.17).
Q4: HR = 1.02 (0.90-1.14).
HR for the highest vs lowest decile of consumption:
HR = 1.07 (0.89-1.27; P = 0.57). |
HR = 0.90 (0.77-1.07; P = 0.29) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (Not defined).
Amount specific data (quartiles):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 1.03 (0.92-1.16).
Q3: HR = 1.03 (0.90-1.18).
Q4: HR = 0.90 (0.77-1.07). |
HR = 1.14 (0.93-1.39; P = 0.29) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (Not defined).
Amount specific data (quartiles):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 1.10 (0.89-1.36).
Q3: HR = 1.09 (0.89-1.34).
Q4: HR = 1.14 (0.93-1.39). |
Cancer risk stratified by smoking status
| Ever smoker | Nonsmoker |
HR = 0.95 (0.79-1.14; P = 0.79) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (Not defined).
Amount specific data (quartiles):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 0.93 (0.82-1.07).
Q3: HR = 1.03 (0.89-1.20).
Q4: HR = 0.95 (0.79-1.14). |
HR = 1.12 (0.95-1.33; P = 0.83) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (Not defined).
Amount specific data (quartiles):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 1.24 (1.05-1.46).
Q3: HR = 1.12 (0.95-1.32).
Q4: HR = 1.12 (0.95-1.33). |
Stratified analyses by cohort (cohort I or II), BMI, age, and alcohol intake (< 150 vs > or = 150 g ethanol/wk) showed similar results.age, public health center area, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy, screening examination, medication, and daily vitamin supplement use. |
| 18) Benetou V. (2008) | The Greek segment of the EPIC Study. | 25,623 subjects (10,582 men, and 15,041 women).
(Greece) | 7.9
(1994-99 to 2007) | 851
(421 men, and 430 women) | Total cancer risk (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) | Fruits including nuts (not defined) | HR = 1.01 (0.93-1.09; No P-value) for an increment of 205 g/day. | Stratified by sex. Adjusted for age, years of schooling, smoking status, BMI, height, physical activity, ethanol intake, supplement use, and total energy intake. |
| 18) Benetou V. (2008) | The Greek EPIC Cohort Study. | 25,623 participants (10,582 men, and 15,031 women). | 7.9 | 851
(421 men, and
430 women) | Total cancer incidence (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) | Fruits (not defined) |
| Men & Women | Men | Women |
HR = 0.93 (0.74-1.18) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (quintiles. No amounts specified):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 0.89 (0.73-1.10).
Q3: HR = 0.76 (0.61-0.95).
Q4: HR = 0.85 (0.68-1.05).
Q5: HR = 0.93 (0.74-1.18).
|
HR = 0.86 (0.61-1.19) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (quintile medians in g/day):
147: HR = 1.
256: HR = 0.83 (0.62-1.12).
335: HR = 0.67 (0.49-0.92).
428: HR = 0.83 (0.61-1.14).
595: HR = 0.86 (0.61-1.19).
|
HR = 0.95 (0.69-1.32) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (quintile medians in g/day):
150: HR = 1.
256: HR = 0.93 (0.70-1.24).
335: HR = 0.83 (0.61-1.13).
423: HR = 0.80 (0.58-1.10).
588: HR = 0.95 (0.69-1.32).
|
There was no evidence that the association between vegetable and/or fruits and cancer occurrence is different among dietary supplement (not defined) users and nonusers - if anything, the inverse association was slightly more evident among the users (data not shown).
Intake of dietary supplements is not uncommon among women, but is rather limited among men.Age, formal education, smoking status, BMI, height, physical activity, alcohol intake, supplement intake, and total daily energy intake. Fruits and vegetables are mutually adjusted for. |
| 18) Olsen A. (2005) | The Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study (= part of the EPIC Cohort). | 29,068 women and 26,492 men. (Denmark) | ? | 1,844 women (1,456 users, 388 nonusers of supplements) and
1,519 men (951 users, 568 nonusers of supplements) | Total cancer risk | Fruits (not defined) |
RRs are for an increment of 100 g/day.
| Women | Men |
All: RR = 0.99 (0.96-1.03; No P-value).
Users of dietary supplements: RR = 1.00 (0.97-1.04; No P-value).
Non-users of dietary supplements: RR = 0.97 (0.90-1.04; No P-value). | All: RR = 0.98 (0.94-1.02; No P-value).
Users of dietary supplements: RR = 0.97 (0.92-1.02; No P-value).
Non-users of dietary supplements: RR = 1.00 (0.93-1.07; No P-value). |
Body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking, and hormone replacement therapy. |
| 15) Jansen MC. (2004) | The Zutphen Elderly Study
(Part of The Seven Countries Study). | 730 men aged 65-84.
(The Netherlands) | 10
(1985-1995) | 138 | Total cancer risk | Fruit (strawberries, berries, grapes, peaches, cherries, prunes, and apricots) |
| Amount | Variety |
RR = 0.62 (0.40-0.96; P = 0.04) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
< 100: RR = 1.
100-200: RR = 0.77 (0.50-1.18).
> 200: RR = 0.62 (0.40-0.96). |
RR = 0.81 (0.52-1.28; P = 0.15) for the highest vs lowest tertile of variety in fruit intake.
Tertiles of variety (Number of types):
≤ 3: RR = 1.
4-5: RR = 0.72 (0.49-1.07).
6-7: RR = 0.81 (0.52-1.28).
Excluding the cancer cases in the first two years of follow-up (n = 29): RR = 0.65 (0.39-1.09; P = 0.03).
RRs for increasing tertiles: 1, 0.63 [0.41-0.96], and 0.65. |
Age, smoking-status, pack-years of cigarette smoking, total energy intake, physical activity, BMI, alcohol intake, fruit intake, and vegetable intake when variety studied. |
| 13) Frobisher C. (2007) | The Boyd Orr Cohort. | A reproducibility study using data from 151 families in the Carnegie Survey of Diet and Health.
Background: Data from the original study came from 1,352 families (4,999 children) in the Carnegie Survey of Diet and Health (86.6% of these children were traced as adults and form the Boyd Orr cohort).
(England & Scotland) | No data shown. | No data shown. | Total cancer incidence | Fruit (not defined) |
(ORs adjusted for measurement errors):
| Using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) | By regression calibration |
| OR = 0.81 (0.67-0.96; No P-value).. | OR = 0.81 (0.59-1.10; No P-value). |
ORs are for a 40 g/day increase in intake.
Using ICCs: age, sex, energy intake, household food expenditure, Townsend score, season, district and social class.
Using regression calibration: Age, sex, district of residence, season and Townsend score of district of last posting. This model takes account of the measurement errors in the estimation of the energy intakes and fruit intakes and also of the measurement errors in the confounder, household food expenditure. |
| 13) Maynard M. (2003) | The Boyd Orr Cohort. | 3.878 children -mean age 8 years- (1.959 women/1.919 men). (England/Scotland) | > 60 years (1937-39 to 2000) | 251 women, and 232 men | Total cancer incidence | Fruit (not defined) |
OR = 0.62 (0.43-0.90; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mean intake in g/day):
0.6: OR = 1.
12.7: OR = 0.66 (0.48-0.90).
31.3: OR = 0.70 (0.51-0.97).
88.4: OR = 0.62 (0.43-0.90).
There was no evidence of interaction between fruit intake and either sex or age in their relation to cancer risk.
| Intra-family clustering. Age, sex, energy, food expenditure, Townsend score, season, and district. |
| 11) Hung HC. (2004) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 71,910 women (aged 30-55) and
37,725 men (aged 40-75).
(USA) | 14
(1984-1998)
(women), and
12
(1986-1998)
(men) | 6584? women, and
2500? men.
3577 never smokers, 3945 past smokers, and 1694 current smokers.
3128 non-vitamin supplement users, and 3948 multivitamin supplement users. | All cancer risk (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer, in situ breast cancer, and organ-confined prostate cancer) | All fruit (raisins or grapes, prunes, bananas, cantaloupes, watermelon, fresh apples or pears, oranges, grapefruit, strawberries, blueberries, peaches, apricots or plums, blackberries, cherries, currants, dates, fruit cocktail, guavas, honeydew melon, kiwi fruit, lemons, limes, mangoes, crenshaw melon, nectarines, persimmons, pineapple, plantains, pomegranates, quince, raspberries, tangerines, applesauce and dried apples, figs, papaya) |
Stratified by sex:
| Men + women | Men | Women |
| RR = 1.01 (0.95-1.06; No P-value). | RR = 0.98 (No 95% CI; No P-value). | RR = 1.02 (No 95% CI; No P-value). |
Stratified by smoking status (men and women combined):
| Never | Past | Current |
| RR = 1.03 (0.94-1.12; No P-value). | RR = 0.97 (0.89-1.06; No P-value). | RR = 1.07 (0.94-1.22; No P-value). |
Stratified by multivitamin use (men and women combined):
| Non-vitamin use | Multivitamin use |
RR = 0.94 (0.85-1.04; No P-value).
There was a stronger inverse association of cancer with all fruit intake among non-vitamin users than among multivitamin users. | RR = 1.06 (0.97-1.16; No P-value). |
All RRs are for an increment of 3 servings/day.
An analysis using cancer mortality instead of cancer incidence as the outcome also showed no association.Total calorie intake, age, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, physical activity, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of colon cancer, personal history of hypertension, personal history of hypercholesterolemia, personal history of diabetes, and (for women only) family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, and use of hormone replacement therapy. |
| 11) McCullough ML. (2000) | The Health Professionals Follow-up Study. | 38,622 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | 8
(1986-1994) | 1,661? | Total cancer risk (all cancers except nonaggressive prostate cancer (< stage C and < grade 7) and nonmelanoma skin cancer) | Fruit (not defined) | Not associated with risk (no data shown).
Highest (10 points) vs lowest tertile (0 points) = 3.2-4 vs 0 servings/d respectively. | Each component of the healthy food index was added individually into the multivariate model, adjusting for age, smoking, body mass index, alcohol intake, physical activity, total energy intake, and time period. |
| 10) Cox BD. (2000) | The British Health and Lifestyle Survey (HALS). | 1,442 men, and 1,875 women aged 35-75. | 7
(1984-85 to 1991-92) | 101? men, and 131? women | Total cancer risk | Fruit (not defined) |
Men
| Fruit in winter | Fruit in summer |
OR = 0.91 (0.78-1.06; P = 0.230) per frequency category of increasing consumption.
Amount specific data:
Never: OR = 1.
< 1 day/wk: OR = 0.85.
1-2 days/wk: OR = 0.91.
3-6 days/wk: OR = 0.98.
Daily: OR = 0.64. |
OR = 1.00 (0.85-1.17; P = 0.967) per frequency category of increasing consumption.
Amount specific data:
Never: OR = 1.
< 1 day/wk: OR = 1.98.
1-2 days/wk: OR = 2.03.
3-6 days/wk: OR = 1.39.
Daily: OR = 1.62. |
Women
| Fruit in winter | Fruit in summer |
OR = 0.87 (0.76-1.00; P = 0.052) per frequency category of increasing consumption.
Amount specific data:
Never: OR = 1.
< 1 day/wk: OR = 1.42.
1-2 days/wk: OR = 0.93.
3-6 days/wk: OR = 0.93.
Daily: OR = 0.75. |
OR = 0.88 (0.75-1.02; P = 0.097) per frequency category of increasing consumption.
Amount specific data:
Never: OR = 1.
< 1 day/wk: OR = 1.74.
1-2 days/wk: OR = 1.54.
3-6 days/wk: OR = 1.49.
Daily: OR = 0.98. |
Age, smoking and socioeconomic group. |
| 9) Strandhagen E. (2000) | The Study Of Men Born In 1913. | 730 men aged 54.
(Sweden) | 26
(1967-1993) | 226 | Cancer disease | Fruit (not defined) | No significant association was found for men in the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (6-7 vs 0-1 times/wk) (No data shown). | No data shown. |
| 7) Knekt P. (1997) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey. | 9,959 men and women aged 15-99.
(Finland) | 24
(1967-1991) | 997? | All cancer risk | Fruits other than apples | RR = 0.90 (0.71-1.14; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (not defined).
(For apples, also no association was found: RR = 0.87 (0.72-1.04; No P-value) | Sex, age, geographic area, occupation, smoking, BMI, and intakes of energy, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta carotene, fiber, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol. |
| 2) Shibata A. (1992) | The Leisure World Study. | 11,580 residents of a retirement community.
(USA) | 1981-1989 | 1,335 (645 men, 690 women) | All cancer risk | Fruits (Cantaloupe, mangos, watermelon, apricots, nectarines [including apricot nectar], peaches, papayas, persimmons, sour cherries, prunes, prune juice, apples, applesauce [not apple juice], bananas, avocados, guacamole, pineapple, pineapple juice, blackberries, blueberries, raspberries, boysenberries, loganberries, sweet cherries, fruit cocktail, oranges, tangerines, mandarin oranges, orange juice, white grapefruit and juice, pink/red grapefruit and juice, honeydew, casaba melons, strawberries, cranberry juice cocktail, plums, rhubarb, grapes, pears, figs, raisins, dates) |
| Men | Women |
RR = 0.94 (0.78-1.14; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
< 2.2: RR = 1.
2.2-< 3.5: RR = 1.02 (0.85-1.23).
≥ 3.5: RR = 0.94 (0.78-1.14). |
RR = 0.76 (0.63-0.91; P = < 0.05) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
< 2.4: RR = 1.
2.4-< 3.7: RR = 0.82 (0.68-0.98; P = < 0.05).
≥ 3.7: RR = 0.76 (0.53-0.91; P = < 0.05). |
Age and smoking.
Adjustment for BMI or physical activity did not materially alter the results (data not shown). |
Overlijden aan kanker:
| Auteur | Naam van "cohort" | Onderzoeksgroep | Aantal jaren gevolgd | Aantal personen met kanker | Eind punt | Consumptie van | Relative Risk (RR) | Gecorrigeerd voor |
| 18) Nöthlings U (2008) | The EPIC Study. | 10,449 participants - aged 35 to 70- with self-reported diabetes mellitus.
(10 European Countries) | 9
(1992-2000 to 2007) | 319? | Cancer mortality | Fruit (not defined) | No significant association: RR = 1.08 (0.98-1.19) for an increase of 80 g/d. | Stratified on age.
Adusted for sex, smoking status, self-reported heart attack at baseline, self-reported hypertension at baseline, self-reported cancer at baseline, waist-to-hip ratio, insulin treatment, age at diabetes diagnosis, energy intake, alcohol intake. |
| 16) Khan MM. (2004) | No cohort name. | 1,524 men and 1,634 women aged ≥ 40 living in Hokkaido, Japan. | 1984-2002 | 155 men, 89 women? | Total cancer mortality | Fruit (not defined) | Men: RR = 1.0 (0.6-1.6; No P-value).
Women: RR = 1.1 (0.4-2.9; No P-value).
RRs are for consumption ≥ several times/wk vs ≤ several times/month. | Men: age and smoking. Women: age, health status, health education, health screening + smoking. |
| 14) Sauvaget C. (2003) | The Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. | 38,540 subjects (14,873 men, and 23,667 women) aged 34-103 who were atomic-bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
(Japan) | 16
(1980-81 to 1998) | 3,136 | Total cancer mortality | Total fruit (not defined) | RR = 0.88 (0.80-0.96;P = 0.0044) for the highest vs the lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (serving frequency):
0-1/wk: RR = 1.
2-4/wk: RR = 0.94 (0.85-1.03).
(almost) daily: RR = 0.88 (0.80-0.96). | green-yellow vegetables, sex, age, radiation dose, city, BMI, smoking status, alcohol habits, and education level. |
| 13) Frobisher C. (2007) | The Boyd Orr Cohort. | A reproducibility study using data from 151 families in the Carnegie Survey of Diet and Health.
Background: Data from the original study came from 1,352 families (4,999 children) in the Carnegie Survey of Diet and Health (86.6% of these children were traced as adults and form the Boyd Orr cohort).
(England & Scotland) | No data shown. | No data shown. | Total cancer mortality | Fruit (not defined) |
(ORs adjusted for measurement errors):
| Using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) | By regression calibration |
| OR = 0.82 (0.66-1.01; No P-value). | OR = 0.83 (0.57-1.20; No P-value). |
ORs are for a 40 g/day increase in intake.
Using ICCs: age, sex, energy intake, household food expenditure, Townsend score, season, district and social class.
Using regression calibration: Age, sex, district of residence, season and Townsend score of district of last posting. This model takes account of the measurement errors in the estimation of the energy intakes and fruit intakes and also of the measurement errors in the confounder, household food expenditure. |
| 13) Maynard M. (2003) | The Boyd Orr Cohort. | 3.878 children -mean age 8 years- (1.959 women/1.919 men). (England/Scotland) | > 60 years (1937-39 to 2000) | 158 women, and 175 men | Total cancer mortality | Fruit (not defined) |
OR = 0.73 (0.47-1.11; P = 0.17) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mean intake in g/day):
0.6: OR = 1.
12.7: OR = 0.84 (0.59-1.20).
31.3: OR = 0.85 (0.59-1.22).
88.4: OR = 0.73 (0.47-1.11). | Intra-family clustering. Age, sex, energy, food expenditure, Townsend score, season, and district. |
| 9) Strandhagen E. (2000) | The Study Of Men Born In 1913. | 730 men aged 54.
(Sweden) | 26
(1967-1993) | 121 | Cancer death | Fruit (not defined) | No significant association was found for men in the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (6-7 vs 0-1 times/wk) (No data shown). | No data shown. |
| 8) Whiteman D. (1999) | The OXCHECK Study. | 10,522 men and women aged 35-64 without a previous history of angina.
(UK) | 9
(1989-1997) | 223 | Cancer mortality | Fresh fruit or fruit juice (not defined) |
RR = 0.91 (0.63-1.32; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (days/wk):
< 1: RR = 1.
1-3: RR = 1.01 (0.68-1.49).
4-7: RR = 0.91 (0.63-1.32). | Gender, smoking and age. |
| 5) Sahyoun NR. (1996) | No cohort name. | 725 subjects (254 men, and 471 women) aged 60-101 from Massachusetts.
(USA) | 9-12
(1981-84 to 1993) | 57? | Cancer mortality | All fruit and juices (not defined) | RR = 1.26 (0.53-2.99; P = 0.96) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (tertiles. No amounts defined):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 1.31 (0.63-2.73).
T3: RR = 1.26 (0.53-2.99). | Age, sex, disease status, and disabilities affecting shopping. |
| 4) Appleby PN. (2002) | The Health Food Shoppers Study. | 10,741 subjects, aged 16-89 (4,325 men, 6,416 women. 8,675 non-smokers).
(UK) | 1973-79 to 1997 | 680 (284 men, and 396 women. 543 non-smokers) | Mortality from all malignant neoplasms | Fresh fruit (not defined) |
| All subjects | Men | Women | Non-smokers |
RR = 0.79 (0.66-0.95; P = < 0.05).
Additional adjustment for wholemeal bread, nuts/dried fruit, raw vegetable salads, and bran cereals: RR = 0.78 (0.65-0.95; P = < 0.05). | RR = 0.72 (0.56-0.93; P = < 0.05). | RR = 0.88 (0.68-1.13; No P-value). | RR = 0.86 (0.70-1.07; No P-value). |
RRs are for daily consumption vs less frequent consumption.Age at recruitment, sex, and smoking. |
| 4) Key TJ. (1996) | The Health Food Shoppers Study. | 10.771 (4.336 men and 6.435 women) aged > or = 16, recruited through health food shops, vegeterian societies, and magazines.
(UK) | 16.8
(1973-79 to 1995) | 451? (181 men, 270 women) | Mortality from all malignant neoplasms | fresh fruit (not defined) | RR = 0.81 (0.65-1.01; No P-value) for consumption at least daily vs < daily. | Age, sex, and smoking |
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